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<title>Pythium</title>

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Pythium

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ancient city named Pythium, see <a href="Pythion" title="Pythion">Pythion</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Pythium

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Negative <a href="Phase-contrast_microscopy" title="Phase-contrast microscopy">phase contrast</a> image of Pythium sp.

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Domain:

</td>

<td><a href="Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>

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<td>Clade:

</td>

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<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a>

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<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Pseudofungi" title="Pseudofungi">Pseudofungi</a>

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<td>Class:

</td>

<td><a href="Oomycete" title="Oomycete">Oomycetes</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Peronosporales" title="Peronosporales">Peronosporales</a>

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<td>Family:

</td>

<td><a href="Pythiaceae" title="Pythiaceae">Pythiaceae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td> <a href="Nathanael_Pringsheim" title="Nathanael Pringsheim">Pringsheim</a>, 1858

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Species

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See text

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Pythium is a <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> <a href="Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycetes</a>. They were formerly classified as <a href="Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>. Most species are <a href="Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> <a href="Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>, but <a href="Pythium_insidiosum" title="Pythium insidiosum">Pythium insidiosum</a> is an important <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> of <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, causing <a href="Pythiosis" title="Pythiosis">pythiosis</a>. The feet of the <a href="Fungus_gnat" title="Fungus gnat">fungus gnat</a> are frequently a vector for their transmission.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Hyphae</dt>

<dd>Pythium species, like others in the family <a href="Pythiaceae" title="Pythiaceae">Pythiaceae</a>, are usually characterized by their production of <a href="Coenocyte" title="Coenocyte">coenocytic</a> <a href="Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> without <a href="Septum" title="Septum">septations</a>.</dd>

<dt>Oogonia</dt>

<dd>Generally contain a single <a href="Oospore" title="Oospore">oospore</a>.</dd>

<dt>Antheridia</dt>

<dd>Contain an elongated and club-shaped <a href="Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridium</a>.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</h2></div>

Pythium-induced <a href="Root_rot" title="Root rot">root rot</a> is a common crop disease. When the organism kills newly emerged or emerging seedlings, it is known as <a href="Damping_off" title="Damping off">damping off</a>, and is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-2">[2]</a> Thus there is tremendous interest in <a href="Breeding_for_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding for resistance">genetic host resistance</a>, but no crop has ever developed adequate <a href="Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">resistance</a> to Pythium.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-et-al-1990-3">[3]</a> This disease complex usually involves other pathogens such as <a href="Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a> and <a href="Rhizoctonia_solani" title="Rhizoctonia solani">Rhizoctonia</a>. Pythium wilt is caused by <a href="Zoospore" title="Zoospore">zoospore</a> infection of older plants, leading to biotrophic infections that become necrotrophic in response to colonization/reinfection pressures or environmental stress,<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2009-5">[5]</a> leading to minor or severe wilting caused by impeded root functioning.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-6">[6]</a>

Many Pythium species, along with their close relatives <a href="Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a>, are <a href="Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant pathogens</a> of economic importance in agriculture. Pythium spp. tend to be very generalistic and unspecific in their large range of hosts,<a href="#cite_note-OG2002-7">[7]</a> while Phytophthora spp. are generally more host-specific.

For this reason, Pythium spp. are more devastating in the root rot they cause in crops, because <a href="Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> alone often does not eradicate the pathogen as Pythium spp. are also good <a href="Saprotrophic_nutrition" title="Saprotrophic nutrition">saprotrophs</a>, and survive for a long time on decaying plant matter.

In field crops, damage by Pythium spp. is often limited to the area affected, as the motile zoospores require ample surface water to travel long distances. Additionally, the capillaries formed by soil particles act as a natural filter and effectively trap many zoospores. However, in <a href="Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic systems</a> inside <a href="Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, where extensive <a href="Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a> of plants are maintained in plant nutrient solution (containing <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, and <a href="Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>) that is continuously <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circulation" class="extiw external" title="wikt:circulation">recirculated</a> to the crop, Pythium spp. cause extensive and devastating root rot and is often difficult to prevent or control.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2002-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2003-8">[8]</a> The root rot affects entire operations (tens of thousands of plants, in many instances) within two to four days due to the inherent nature of hydroponic systems where roots are nakedly exposed to the water medium, in which the zoospores can move freely.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2002-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-OG2003-8">[8]</a> Various Pythium populations have been known to have resistance to <a href="Mefenoxam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mefenoxam">mefenoxam</a> since the 1980s<a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Hausbeck-2016-9">[9]</a> and <a href="Metalaxyl" title="Metalaxyl">metalaxyl</a> since 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-1984-10">[10]</a>

Several Pythium species, including <a href="Pythium_oligandrum" title="Pythium oligandrum">P. oligandrum</a>, P. nunn, P. periplocum, and <a href="Pythium_acanthicum" title="Pythium acanthicum">P. acanthicum</a>, are <a href="Mycoparasitism" title="Mycoparasitism">mycoparasites</a> of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, and have received interest as potential <a href="Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biocontrol</a> agents.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Pythium_acanthicum" title="Pythium acanthicum">Pythium acanthicum</a></li>

<li>Pythium acanthophoron</li>

<li>Pythium acrogynum</li>

<li>Pythium adhaerens</li>

<li>Pythium amasculinum</li>

<li>Pythium anandrum</li>

<li>Pythium angustatum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_aphanidermatum" title="Pythium aphanidermatum">Pythium aphanidermatum</a></li>

<li>Pythium apleroticum</li>

<li>Pythium aquatile</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_aristosporum" title="Pythium aristosporum">Pythium aristosporum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_arrhenomanes" title="Pythium arrhenomanes">Pythium arrhenomanes</a></li>

<li>Pythium attrantheridium</li>

<li>Pythium bifurcatum</li>

<li>Pythium boreale</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_buismaniae" title="Pythium buismaniae">Pythium buismaniae</a></li>

<li>Pythium butleri</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_camurandrum" title="Pythium camurandrum">Pythium camurandrum</a></li>

<li>Pythium campanulatum</li>

<li>Pythium canariense</li>

<li>Pythium capillosum</li>

<li>Pythium carbonicum</li>

<li>Pythium carolinianum</li>

<li>Pythium catenulatum</li>

<li>Pythium chamaehyphon</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_chondricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythium chondricola">Pythium chondricola</a></li>

<li>Pythium citrinum</li>

<li>Pythium coloratum</li>

<li>Pythium conidiophorum</li>

<li>Pythium contiguanum</li>

<li>Pythium cryptoirregulare</li>

<li>Pythium cucurbitacearum</li>

<li>Pythium cylindrosporum</li>

<li>Pythium cystogenes</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_debaryanum" title="Pythium debaryanum">Pythium debaryanum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_deliense" title="Pythium deliense">Pythium deliense</a></li>

<li>Pythium destruens</li>

<li>Pythium diclinum</li>

<li>Pythium dimorphum</li>

<li>Pythium dissimile</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_dissotocum" title="Pythium dissotocum">Pythium dissotocum</a></li>

<li>Pythium echinulatum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_emineosum" title="Pythium emineosum">Pythium emineosum</a></li>

<li>Pythium erinaceum</li>

<li>Pythium flevoense</li>

<li>Pythium folliculosum</li>

<li>Pythium glomeratum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_graminicola" title="Pythium graminicola">Pythium graminicola</a></li>

<li>Pythium grandisporangium</li>

<li>Pythium guiyangense</li>

<li>Pythium helicandrum</li>

<li>Pythium helicoides</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_heterothallicum" title="Pythium heterothallicum">Pythium heterothallicum</a></li>

<li>Pythium hydnosporum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_hypogynum" title="Pythium hypogynum">Pythium hypogynum</a></li>

<li>Pythium indigoferae</li>

<li>Pythium inflatum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_insidiosum" title="Pythium insidiosum">Pythium insidiosum</a></li>

<li>Pythium intermedium</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_irregulare" title="Pythium irregulare">Pythium irregulare</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_iwayamae" title="Pythium iwayamae">Pythium iwayamae</a></li>

<li>Pythium jasmonium</li>

<li>Pythium kunmingense</li>

<li>Pythium litorale</li>

<li>Pythium longandrum</li>

<li>Pythium longisporangium</li>

<li>Pythium lutarium</li>

<li>Pythium macrosporum</li>

<li>Pythium mamillatum</li>

<li>Pythium marinum</li>

<li>Pythium marsipium</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_mastophorum" title="Pythium mastophorum">Pythium mastophorum</a></li>

<li>Pythium megacarpum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_middletonii" title="Pythium middletonii">Pythium middletonii</a></li>

<li>Pythium minus</li>

<li>Pythium monospermum</li>

<li>Pythium montanum</li>

<li>Pythium multisporum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_myriotylum" title="Pythium myriotylum">Pythium myriotylum</a></li>

<li>Pythium nagaii</li>

<li>Pythium nodosum</li>

<li>Pythium nunn</li>

<li>Pythium oedochilum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_okanoganense" title="Pythium okanoganense">Pythium okanoganense</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_oligandrum" title="Pythium oligandrum">Pythium oligandrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_oopapillum" title="Pythium oopapillum">Pythium oopapillum</a></li>

<li>Pythium ornacarpum</li>

<li>Pythium orthogonon</li>

<li>Pythium ostracodes</li>

<li>Pythium pachycaule</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_paddicum" title="Pythium paddicum">Pythium paddicum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_paroecandrum" title="Pythium paroecandrum">Pythium paroecandrum</a></li>

<li>Pythium parvum</li>

<li>Pythium pectinolyticum</li>

<li>Pythium periilum</li>

<li>Pythium periplocum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_perniciosum" title="Pythium perniciosum">Pythium perniciosum</a></li>

<li>Pythium perplexum</li>

<li>Pythium phragmitis</li>

<li>Pythium pleroticum</li>

<li>Pythium plurisporium</li>

<li>Pythium polare</li>

<li>Pythium polymastum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_porphyrae" title="Pythium porphyrae">Pythium porphyrae</a></li>

<li>Pythium prolatum</li>

<li>Pythium proliferatum</li>

<li>Pythium pulchrum</li>

<li>Pythium pyrilobum</li>

<li>Pythium quercum</li>

<li>Pythium radiosum</li>

<li>Pythium ramificatum</li>

<li>Pythium regulare</li>

<li>Pythium rhizo-oryzae</li>

<li>Pythium rhizosaccharum</li>

<li>Pythium rostratifingens</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_rostratum" title="Pythium rostratum">Pythium rostratum</a></li>

<li>Pythium salpingophorum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_scleroteichum" title="Pythium scleroteichum">Pythium scleroteichum</a></li>

<li>Pythium segnitium</li>

<li>Pythium spiculum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_spinosum" title="Pythium spinosum">Pythium spinosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_splendens" title="Pythium splendens">Pythium splendens</a></li>

<li>Pythium sterilum</li>

<li>Pythium stipitatum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_sulcatum" title="Pythium sulcatum">Pythium sulcatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_tardicrescens" title="Pythium tardicrescens">Pythium tardicrescens</a></li>

<li>Pythium terrestris</li>

<li>Pythium torulosum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_tracheiphilum" title="Pythium tracheiphilum">Pythium tracheiphilum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_ultimum" title="Pythium ultimum">Pythium ultimum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pythium_ultimum_var._ultimum" title="Pythium ultimum var. ultimum">Pythium ultimum var. ultimum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Pythium uncinulatum</li>

<li>Pythium undulatum</li>

<li>Pythium vanterpoolii</li>

<li>Pythium viniferum</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_violae" title="Pythium violae">Pythium violae</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythium_volutum" title="Pythium volutum">Pythium volutum</a></li>

<li>Pythium zingiberis</li>

<li>Pythium zingiberum</li></ul>

</div>

<a href="Globisporangium_sylvaticum" title="Globisporangium sylvaticum">Globisporangium sylvaticum</a> was formerly placed here as Pythium sylvaticum

<ul><li> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pythium" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Pythium">Pythium</a> at Wikispecies</li>

<li><a href="Pythium_in_turfgrass" title="Pythium in turfgrass">Pythium in turfgrass</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_rot_on_orchids" title="Black rot on orchids">Black rot on orchids</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecogrow.com.au/top10/Fungus_Gnat.html">"Ecogrow Fungus Gnat"</a>. 17 March 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jarvis-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_2-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFJarvis,_W._R.1992" class="citation book cs1">Jarvis, W. R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managingdiseases0000jarv">Managing diseases in greenhouse crops</a>. <a href="Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>: APS Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89054-122-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sutton-et-al-1990-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Sutton-et-al-1990_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSuttonSopherOwen-GoingLiu1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, John Clifford; Sopher, Coralie Rachelle; Owen-Going, Tony Nathaniel; Liu, Weizhong; Grodzinski, Bernard; Hall, John Christopher; Benchimol, Ruth Linda (1990-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-54052006000400001">"Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives"</a>. Summa Phytopathologica. 32 (4): 307–321. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-54052006000400001">10.1590/S0100-54052006000400001</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0100-5405">0100-5405</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-OG2005-4"><a href="#cite_ref-OG2005_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwen-Going2005" class="citation book cs1">Owen-Going, Tony Nathaniel (2005). Quantitative investigations of phenolic compounds associated with root rot of hydroponic pepper, Capsicum annuum L., caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp (PhD thesis). <a href="University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-494-17779-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/271429383">271429383</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OG2009-5"><a href="#cite_ref-OG2009_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFT._N._Owen-GoingC._W._BeningerJ._C._SuttonJ._C._Hall2008" class="citation journal cs1">T. N. Owen-Going; C. W. Beninger; J. C. Sutton & J. C. Hall (2008). "Accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants and nutrient solution of hydroponic peppers inoculated with Pythium aphanidermatum". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 30 (2): 214–225. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07060661.2008.10540537">10.1080/07060661.2008.10540537</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86573443">86573443</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bagnall-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_6-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBagnall2007" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Roger (2007). Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution (MSc thesis). <a href="University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216915405">216915405</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OG2002-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OG2002_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OG2002_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OG2002_7-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwen-Going2002" class="citation book cs1">Owen-Going, Tony Nathaniel (2002). Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in commercial-scale and small-scale hydroponic systems (MSc thesis). <a href="University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-612-71820-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55510696">55510696</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OG2003-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OG2003_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OG2003_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFT._N._Owen-Going,_J._C._Sutton_&_B._Grodzinski2003" class="citation journal cs1">T. N. Owen-Going, J. C. Sutton & B. Grodzinski (2003). "Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 25 (2): 155–167. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CaJPP..25..155O">2003CaJPP..25..155O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07060660309507064">10.1080/07060660309507064</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85004809">85004809</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Castillo-Hausbeck-2016-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Castillo-Hausbeck-2016_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDel_Castillo_MúneraHausbeck2016" class="citation journal cs1">Del Castillo Múnera, Johanna; Hausbeck, Mary K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fpdis-03-15-0296-re">"Characterization of Pythium Species Associated With Greenhouse Floriculture Crops in Michigan"</a>. <a href="Plant_Disease_(journal)" title="Plant Disease (journal)">Plant Disease</a>. 100 (3). <a href="American_Phytopathological_Society" title="American Phytopathological Society">American Phytopathological Society</a>: 569–576. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlDis.100..569D">2016PlDis.100..569D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fpdis-03-15-0296-re">10.1094/pdis-03-15-0296-re</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917">0191-2917</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30688597">30688597</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sanders-1984-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders-1984_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanders1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, P. L. (1984). "Failure of Metalaxyl to Control Pythium Blight on Turfgrass in Pennsylvania". <a href="Plant_Disease_(journal)" title="Plant Disease (journal)">Plant Disease</a>. 68 (1). <a href="American_Phytopathological_Society" title="American Phytopathological Society">American Phytopathological Society</a>: 776. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PlDis..68Q.776S">1984PlDis..68Q.776S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fpd-68-776">10.1094/pd-68-776</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917">0191-2917</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pythium" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pythium">Pythium</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFA._J._van_der_Plaats-Niterink1981" class="citation journal cs1">A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink (1981). "Monograph of the genus Pythium". <a href="Studies_in_Mycology" title="Studies in Mycology">Studies in Mycology</a>. 21: 1–242.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFC._André_Lévesque_&_Arthur_W._M._de_Cock2004" class="citation journal cs1">C. André Lévesque & Arthur W. M. de Cock (2004). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium". <a href="Fungal_Biology" title="Fungal Biology">Mycological Research</a>. 108 (12): 1363–1383. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756204001431">10.1017/S0953756204001431</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15757173">15757173</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2699011" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q2699011">Q2699011</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pythium" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Pythium">Pythium</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60013709">60013709</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PYTHG">1PYTHG</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/360255">360255</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=20464">20464</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/BMSSYS0000015808">BMSSYS0000015808</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=20464">20464</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=172180">172180</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551077605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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